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California Criminal Syndicalism Act
The California Criminal Syndicalism Act ((Stats. 1919 ), c. 188, p. 281; it was codified at California Penal Code §§ 11400 et seq.)〔Added by California Stats. 1919, c. 188, p. 281. Renumbered by California Stats 1953, c. 32.〕 was a law of California in 1919 under Governor William Stephens criminalizing syndicalism. It was repealed in 1991.〔Repealed by California Stats. 1991, c. 186 (A.B. 436).〕
One of the Act's most well-known convictions was that of Charlotte Anita Whitney, which led to the Act being upheld by the Supreme Court of the United States in ''Whitney v. California'' (1927), which was itself explicitly overturned in ''Brandenburg v. Ohio'' (1969), effectively declaring the Act unconstitutional.
The Act must be viewed in the context of the First Red Scare and the turbulent labor history of the United States in the early 20th Century. From 1910–1920, 20 states enacted laws criminalizing syndicalism.
==Convictions==
One of the Act's most well-known convictions was that of Charlotte Anita Whitney in 1920, which led to the Act being upheld by the Supreme Court of the United States in ''Whitney v. California'' (1927).
In April 1930, meetings of the Agricultural Workers' Industrial League (AWIL) across Imperial Valley but centered around El Centro were raided by the Imperial County Sheriff. Of the hundreds arrested, 16 were charged by the Imperial County Grand Jury with violations of the Criminal Syndicalism Act, and 8 were convicted on and received sentences ranging from deportation to 42 years in prison. In 1931, the conviction of Frank Spector was reversed by the California Court of Appeal for the Fourth District in Fresno, California. All of the convicts were paroled by 1933.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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